BIOL 1010BIOL 1011CHEM 1011CHEM 1012
Apply Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the properties of a buffer and the net charge of amino acids and proteins.Describe the basic principles of intracellular signal transduction and discuss how these processes may alter gene expression, protein function and cellular fate.Explain how enzymes can increase the rates of biochemical reactions at the molecular level, and how they may be inhibited or regulated by drugs and toxins.Given free energy of product and substrate or the reduction potential of half reaction, calculate the free energy changes of a reaction and decide whether the reaction would be spontaneous.Interpret given diagrams of enzyme regulation/activity.Recall the three main classes of macronutrients and their digestion.Apply Michaelis-Menten equation to calculate Vmax and Km in absence/presence of effectors.Define hormone action and recognize the steps of the main hormonal signaling mechanisms.Determine the effects of loss of function or gain of function mutations of regulating enzymes or metabolic enzymes on the rate of a reaction given a schematic of enzyme regulation.Identify general features of the common classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and amino acids.Recall the activity of the main vitamin classes and their association with enzyme as cofactors.Understand the principles of bioenergetics, including the implications of free energy change occurring in a chemical reaction.Describe and interrelate the hierarchical levels of protein structure (1˚ to 4˚) and provide examples of how this structure relates to the function (or dysfunction) of various classes of proteins.Describe how organisms obtain, store, and utilize energy through metabolic interconversion of biomolecules.Describe the structural features of nucleic acids and be able to distinguish them; describe the basis for information content in a DNA sequence; describe the flow of genetic information and be aware of different discoveries emerging in this area.Identify structure of mono, di, polysaccharides (bonds) and lipids. Explain their distribution, storage, and mobilization.Recall the steps of glucose metabolism, citric acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism; identifying the intermediates, enzymes, and regulatory steps.Recognize the main mechanism of action of insulin and/or glucagon and their pathways.Describe the structural features of monosaccharides and be able to depict them; describe the linkages that join monosaccharides to form larger molecules; identify some of the main polysaccharides that occur in nature.Explain how energy and glucose homeostasis are maintained in the human body, and recognize the roles of peripheral and central signals.Outline the major metabolic pathways by which biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids) are synthesized, degraded and transported, and identify the key points at which these pathways are regulated.Recall the role of photosynthesis in plants and the importance of this process in the biosphere; understand the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis at the molecular level.Explain how lipids form membranes and lipoproteins and influence their function, and list different transport mechanisms across membranes.Recognize how metabolic pathways are controlled to maintain homeostasis of organisms under normal physiological conditions, and how this may be disrupted by certain pathological states.
